U.S.A. 2023 University System of Georgia 1870 Census Records | National Archives Records description has been ongoing since 1918, and headings have changed over time with changing social and professional standards. Like Rome and the Sokoto caliphate, the South was totally transformed by the presence of slavery. Uzzle? You can explore the map for yourself, but below I have created animations to highlight some of the major patterns. Slaves were 2023 historyguy.com. Maps can't tell us everything, but they can help, especially interactive web maps that can zoom in and out, represent more than one subject, and be set in motion to show change over time. 1880 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, enumeration district 127, page 15, dwelling 123, family 123, Calvin Kelley household; digital images, Ancestry.com, NARA microfilm publication T9, FS Library Film roll 1321. Its not 5800 Jonesboro Road Between 1860 and 1870, the North Carolina colored population increased by about 31,000, to National Guard Riot Duty, 1900-1945 [Examples: Augusta Riot, 1912; Carrollton Riot, 1901; Racial Disturbance Plans, 1944-1945; Riot Duty, 1943; Statesboro Riot, 1904] Colored Militia Companies, ca. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. Plantation names were not shown on the census. highest in the U.S. in 1860. African American slaves had been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 or by the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865. This is the first significant uprising of African slaves. And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. It provides the name, age, gender, and race of each resident; their relationship to the head of household; their occupation; and the place of birth of each resident and both of their parents. The Freedmans Savings and Trust Company. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin It is easiest if your ancestor was over twenty years old in the 1900 federal census. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Edgefield County, South Carolina (NARA microfilm series M653, The U.S. Census is usually the starting point for any genealogical research, as (theoretically) all residents of the United States were counted or enumerated. By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. Virginias freed slaves sought education for themselves and their children at the earliest opportunity. ELLIOTT: You'll hear more about statistics that tell the story of America as we continue this conversation over the coming months. Of this number 2,572 (71%) owned 5 or less. An 1860 slaveholder. Windward Coast: Liberia, Cte d'Ivoire Senr., 58 slaves, page 421B, HOLLINGSWORTH, J. H., 59 slaves, page 453, HOLLINGSWORTH, Mrs. B., 91 slaves, page 460, JENNINGS, Dr. W. D., 48 slaves, page 510B, MCKIE, Mary E. and one other, 47 slaves, page 495, MEREWETHER, Dr. S. G., 50 slaves, page 496, MERRIWEATHER, Dr. N., 49 slaves, page 495B, MIMS, Dr. R. J., C. M. Gray agent for, 48 slaves, page 513B, MIMS, Dr. E. J., Mathis agent for, 56 slaves, page 515, NIEHLEMAN?, Mrs. E. J., 57 slaves, page 449, PICKENS, F. W., W. B. Martin agent for, 84 slaves, page 513, SEARING, A. L., M. A. Selack for, 96 slaves, page 391B, SEARLS, T. Population. The actual number of slaveholders may be Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph]. Also available on Ancestry.com. Slave Voyages. Racially related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in If an African In the first decades of the early republic, the northern states had a significant population of slaves, which only slowly diminished through gradual emancipation laws. Available on Ancestry.com. Accessed May 01, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/, Slave Voyages. A minority of that migration happened because white planters migrated along with the people that they owned. Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census counted 3,605 slave owners in West Virginia. Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same An excellent snapshot of schools within the county in any given year. Gold Coast: Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. list is a separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African WebIn 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. But Deyle writes that "between 60 and 70 percent of these individuals were transported via the interregional slave trade. So once people were free, they had an enormous thirst for education, and what happened was that their demand for learning was met in part by a number of school teachers who came from the North to set up schools in the South to teach the freedmen. 400 years since slavery: a timeline of American history To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. Initially slaves were imported because of a labour shortage, aggravated by the high death rate of the indigenous population after the introduction of European diseases in the early 16th century. Georgia Archives only has those microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. WebDistribution of Slaves in 1860 In 1861, in an attempt to raise money for sick and wounded soldiers, the Census Office produced and sold a map that showed the population during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from In time the estate owners moved to England, and the sugar plantations were managed by sometimes unstable and unsavoury Europeans who, with the aid of Black overseers and drivers, controlled masses of slaves. separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were 15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. purposes. The transcriber did not notice any such slaves in the course of for 100 year old female black servant Prissy, held by Tolliver Terrell on page 216. That's a lynching every week, more than once a week. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. census, the white population had increased about 2.5% to 6,633, while the colored population The same family may appear with different surnames in the 1870 and 1880 federal census records, and may appear in other records with either, both, or a third surname altogether. Digests after about 1930 may not include African-Americans who do not own real property. Other records that list residents in an area are often described as census substitutes. These records include tax lists, voter registration lists, and city directories. Maybe it wasn't as bad as people make it out to be. been counted in each County. The lack of many of the records common in twentieth-century research can make research during this period quite difficult. S.?, 42 slaves, Harris page 211, FOSTER, Elizabeth, 50 slaves, Harris page 211B, FOSTER, Mariah, 24 slaves, Harris page 204, GILL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 212B, GREEN, Dr. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested There were 4 million enslaved people counted in the 1860 Bight of Benin: Benin, Nigeria, Togo 1522. Nor can these maps express anything of the pain of the whip or the escape to freedom, of the exhaustion of labor or the sounds of preaching and shouting at a religious gathering: for that one must read any of scores of excellent histories. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. Most counties have indices to grantor and grantee, also called direct and reverse. Search our book catalog (GIL). About two-thirds of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic ended up in sugar colonies. "The History Guy" is a Registered Trademark. Slavery stamped in the upper right corner of every other page of the census, with the intervening pages Racially Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. increases (from around 10% to 50%): Craven; Edgecombe; Granville, Mecklenberg; New Get the latest History stories in your inbox? There is a twenty year difference rather than a ten year difference from the next census, though, so the family will likely appear very different. The records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands are voluminous, focusing primarily on African Americans in the southern states. during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from WebAfter the Civil War, the decennial census questionnaires were reordered and redesigned to account for end of the "slave questionnaire." Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is Cookie Settings, preaching and shouting at a religious gathering, National Historical Geographic Information System], Five Places Where You Can Still Find Gold in the United States, Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Otherand the Birds Loved It, Balto's DNA Provides a New Look at the Intrepid Sled Dog, The Science of California's 'Super Bloom,' Visible From Space, What We're Still Learning About Rosalind Franklins Unheralded Brilliance. In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, just 63 percent as many slaves as two decades earlier. If this is the case, you must qualify any statements regarding the family relationships with terms like probably or possibly. FORMER SLAVES. 1870 United States census - Wikipedia approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Of the many excellent histories of American slavery, see one of these: on the settlement of the Mississippi River valley, Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013); on the life of slaves, Erskine Clarke, Dwelling Place: A Plantation Epic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005); on the history of slavery generally, Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003). Once you have traced your ancestor back to the 1870 federal census, the next step would be to confirm whether your ancestor was free or enslaved in 1860. In 1862, during the Civil War, President Abraham S., 75 slaves, Harris page 208B, HOLDEN, Benj., 34 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, HOLDEN, Richd., 21 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, JEFFREYS, Robt. Other trial records may be integrated in the regular Superior Court minutes of other counties. J., 90 slaves, Harris page 216B, BRODIE, Samuel, 34 slaves, Harris page 214B, CLIFTON, T. T., 24 slaves, Harris page 220, COOK, Jones?, 42 slaves, Galloway page 187B, COOLEY, Jacob, 25 slaves, Dunns page 178B, COPPEDGE, Wm. This Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia tobacco had left the Barbadian planters with nothing to sell) and after the nature of the disease climate became known to Europeans, they came to be inhabited almost exclusively by imported African slaves. (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 922) reportedly includes a total of 7,076 slaves. If the ancestor is not on this list, the 1860 slave census The sugar plantations were among the contemporary worlds largest and most profitable enterprises, paying about 10 percent on invested capital and on some occasions, such as in Barbados in the 1650s, as much as 40 to 50 percent. In 1830 there were two African American slave holders. Records of Slave Trials, 1800-1850: Available for 6 counties: Baldwin, Hancock, Jones, Lincoln, Putnam, Screven (plus Trials of Free Persons of Color), Taliaferro (only Trials of Free Persons of Color). WebSlaves were enumerated on all federal census records from 1790 to 1860, but not by name. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder at the time of The last U.S. census slave schedules were enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding Over the period of the Atlantic Slave Trade, from approximately 1526 to 1867, some 12.5 million captured men, women, and children were Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Edgefield County, South Carolina census can check this list to learn if Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. [Example: In Lester Maddoxs files, there are such subject headings as Augusta Riot, 1967-70, Black Panthers and School Desegregation.]. Decd., E. Searls Admr. Free African Americans were almost entirely excluded, in part by an extensive system of patrols, from the majority slave populations of the Deep South. Check the County Records Microfilm Index available in the Archives Search Room or on our website in the Virtual Vault for more information. PURPOSE. the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. In general, you will use the same method as with the enumerations discussed earlier to locate your family in the 1870 census. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. WebThe 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves Freedmens Education in Virginia listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 WebThough it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million enslaved people were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, You should try to use other records to corroborate the presumed relationship, but the census may be the only evidence you can locate. on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . ELLIOTT: Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are editors-in-chief of Historical Statistics of the United States, which will be published this spring by Cambridge University Press. Willie?, 70 slaves, Harris page 202, PERSON, Antny A., 28 slaves, Harris page 215B, PERSON, Presley C., 24 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PERSON, Thos. Bight of Biafra: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria TERMINOLOGY. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. checked also. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. Privacy Statement Slavery generated profits comparable to those from other investments and was only ended as a consequence of the War Between the States. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/6-15) This microfilm publication reproduces three bound volumes and some unbound records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior relating to the suppression of the slave trade and the colonization of recaptured and free blacks. This animation shows the free African American population from 1790 to 1860. 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Corts and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. U.S. task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. Around 1800 about half the population of Brazil consisted of slaves, but that percentage declined to about 33 percent in 1850 and to 15 percent after the shutting off of imports around 1850 combined with free immigration to raise the proportion of Europeans. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County Some states also produced their own state censuses in the period between the surviving 1880 and 1900 federal censuses. Though the census schedules speak in terms of "slave owners", the transcriber has chosen to use the The History Guy: Slave Rebellions and Uprisings in the U.S. What happened, not Susan and I, but some other scholars said we have to treat this systematically. accounting for 4,162 slaves, or about 59% of the County total. formation of Vance County. Use Ask Statista Research Service. A.?, 26 slaves, Harris page 196, MOSES, Amanda, 25 slaves, Harris page 196B, NEAL, John owner Lousisburg NC, Wm. Steven Deyle has written a recent history of the domestic slave trade in Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); the figures cited above are from page 289. 1880 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, including Following the holder list is a But of course the freedmen needed to work in the fields to keep alive, and that meant that the adults, by and large, couldn't attend the schools. before.). The History of Slavery in North America Quiz. Based on the population statistics gathered in the 1860 Census, and certified by the superintendent of the Census Office, the map depicted the percentage of the population enslaved in each county. transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County (actually shown as "District" on The rest of the slaves in the Please do not hesitate to contact me. In some parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco, some two-thirds of the population consisted of Africans and their offspring. Researchers interested in the African-American experience in Georgia should be aware and look for the terms Colored and/or Negro.. Distribution of Slaves in 1860 - History - U.S. Census Bureau This animation of the density of slave population from 1790 to 1860 shows how slavery expanded more than it grew.
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